'Dravya'

The comos has six Dravyas, Reals - Basic Substances, Fundamental Realities :

I. JIVA : Soul- life- spirit- innerself- conscious being (with chetana) with sentience, intelligence life.

The Soul  :  One of the Six basic Substances which are uncreate, self existent without beginning or end, only modifications. No new souls are created, it is a continuous cycle of birth and rebirth in four states of existence (GATI) i.e. (i) Human condition (ii) Sub Human condition of lower forms of, (iii) Angels in heaven, (iv) Infernal beings in hell, and this cycle is run by the infallible mathematical mechanism of nature, molded by soul's conduct and deeds, committed by thought, speech or physical action in past or present life either with intensity of anger, pride, deceit, selfishness and greed, or with love, sympathy, fellow-feelings , pity etc.

All Omniscient Teachers (Arhats) from infinite past, present and infinite future will propound the same philosophy and show the way to attain eternal salvation (life of pure bliss) as friend, philosopher and guide themselves practised what they preached.

The soul is distinguished from other substances, that it possesses consciousness, intelligence with infinite qualities, attributes (Gunas). There are eight chief fundamentals. (attributes) :

1. The faculty of Omniscience. (Keval Jnana)
2. The faculty of Undifferentiated. Cognition- perception (Keval Darshana)
3. Eternal Bliss (Avyabadh Sukh)
4. Possession of Complete Religious Faith (Samyaktva) and Unreproachable Moral Conduct (Charitra)
5. Possession of Eternal Life (Akshaya Sthiti)
6. Complete Formlessness (Amruta)
7. Complete Equality in rank with others (Aguru Laghu)
8. Infinite Energy (Anant Virya)

All these attributes belong by nature to every soul.

II. AJIVA : Five kinds Without consciousness, Non Sentient.

2. PUDGALA : (Pud + Gal = Assimilation and Separation), Matter. The action and counter action of getting together and separation.

Pudgalastikaya (Matter)  :  This consists of individual atoms (Anu) 'conglomerates of atoms (Skandha)' indivisible part of atom (Paramanu) exists in infinite number , each one of these possesses touch, taste, smell, colour and can unite itself with other, or several others or groups, and or get separated under certain law. The continuous process of assimilation and separation creates Karmic Energies. The fusion of the soul with matter results in the production of eight kinds of Forces :

1) Which obscures knowledge (Jnanavarniya karma)
2) Which interferes with perception (Darshanavarniya karma)
3) Which produces the feeling of joy and grief (Vedaniya karma)
4) Which obstructs Right Belief and Right Conduct (Mohaniya karma)
5) Which determines the duration of life (Ayu Karma)
6) Which give the various factors of individuality (bodies, limbs, etc) (Nama karma)
7) Which destines family surroundings (Gotra karma)
8) Which hinders the " Jiva" in his capability of resolution and enjoyment (Antaraya Karma)

Jiva and pudgala are active substances, the remaining are passive (III,IV, V, VI)

3. DHARMASTIKAYA : Ether-motion media.
Ether, motion media for Jiva and Pudgala, serves as medium for movement as water is, for the swimming fish.

4. ADHAARMASTIKAYA : Rest media (modern science explains as gravitation and electro magnetic rest).

5. AKAASH: Space 
Alokakasha - Limitless space - Pure empty space   Lokakasha - Limited but unlimited space (universe), in which the cosmos exists. (Outer limits of Ether)   Space , it is the receptacle of things, it iscomposed of an infinite number of space points. (Pradesha).

6. KAL: Time - real apparent and absolute
Time-Real absolute and apparent, present-undivisible unit of time. The Pudgala has shape and is visible, while the remaining substances are invisible and without form.

These six Dravyas - basic substances are all pervading to the minutest part of the cosmos. They are permanent, eternal, uncreated and of immense magnitude but have continuous modifications (Paryaya) yet maintain their attributes, (Guna) inalienable qualities (Virtues) intact.Jiva and Pudgala are active the remaning four are passive.

Elements (Tatva)

There are nine elements - Fundamental Truths:
1) " Jiva" - life - Soul - living beings with sentience, spirit, innerself.
2) " Ajiva" - no consciousness- without life- non sentient. (The five substances)
3) " Punya" - merit - weal.
4) " Paap" - sin- woe.
5) " Ashrava"- Inflow (The soul attracts subtle forms of matter to ourselves as result of the action of the sense which impels the soul towards external objects, good or bad).
6) " Samvara" - Restrain , Blocks the inflow of subtle-matter (energies) through Ahimsa (non-injury),
right conduct, etc.
7) " Nirjara" - to liberate, to discard- to remove the impurities of subtle matter.
8) " Bandha" - Bondage- assimilate the subtle matter (energy) in soul's space points good or bad.
9) " Moksha" - absolute freedom - final pure natural state in everlasting blissfullness.

Life is dear to all, though it may contain misery as well as happiness. Man's desire for an explanation of the existence of misery, for the relief to extinction and for consquent increase in happiness. Relieving misery, explaining its existence and increasing happiness in life is the function of religion. All living beings ardently seek happiness which should be complete, without blemish and permanent. Such an everlasting happiness is possible only in "Moksha" , supreme eternal bliss, the state of Omniscience, (Pure Effulgence Divine).

We are self existent, immortal, individual souls, alive with feelings and consciousness, and never lose our identity (Jiva). Each of us is responsible to others for our own conduct towards them. We are responsible to ourselves for our conditions, in whatever degrees we are of ignorance, pain, unhappiness, unkindness, cruelty or weakness, it is because since birth and previously in the infinite past, we are and we have been acquiring (Ashrava) and incorporating (Bandha) into ourselves by attraction and assimilations of subtle unseen though real, physical matter (Pudgala). The combination of soul and matter produces energy (Karma) which clogs the natural wisdom, knowledge, bliss, love, compassion and the strength of soul and which excites to unnatural action results in species, duration, intensity and degree. (Prakruti, Sthiti, Rasa and Pradesh).